Märterlus kui religioosne ja poliitiline mõjutusvahend (islami ja kristluse näitel)

Autorid

  • Kristel Engman

Kokkuvõte

Aspects of Martyrdom as Religious and Political Measures Using the Examples of Islam and Christianity

Martyrdom as a means of religious and political influence has been gaining in importance in both internal and foreign affairs of the states, as well as in cultural and religious relations. Introduced mainly in the religious contexts up to the 20th century, nowadays martyrdom has spread over the borders of religion becoming a part of political discourse. Noteworthy is the intertwining of religious martyrdom with political ambitions. This article relates to the concepts of martyrdom in Christianity and Islam. Paying heed to the blurring distinction between martyrdom and religious terrorism, the article analyses terrorism justified on religious grounds as a drastic means of influence in the far-reaching world of religion and politics, giving special attention to the increasingly frequent use of one of its manifestations – suicide terrorism. Martyrdom is one of the most powerful instruments of religious and political pressure, which is aimed at influencing the views of potential martyrs in terms of personal eschatology, increasing the faith and religious zeal of the followers of similar convictions, strengthening joint identity and pressurising certain developments into the direction that result in martyr deaths desired by certain interest groups. In Christianity and Islam, a martyr was originally a witness, somebody who was ready to die in the name of his/ her religious beliefs, not for the political objectives. Even though martyrdom stories as narratives have formed an inseparable part of different cultures and religions for thousands of years, clear distinction between the religious and political martyrdom is becoming more and more indistinct. In neither religious nor political spheres the need for martyrdom stories does not seem to be on the decline; but as an act of sacrifice the ways of martyrdom and the number of people involved, either willingly or unwillingly, in the act are undergoing changes.

Allalaadimised

Download data is not yet available.

Viited

Aboul-Enein, Youssef H. 2010. Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.

Al-Khattar, Aref M. 2003. Religion and Terrorism: An Interfaith Perspective. Westport: Praeger.

Antiigileksikon. 1985. Tallinn: Valgus.

Armstrong, Karen. 1993. The History of God. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Armstrong, Karen. 2002. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library.

Barber, Benjamin R. 2006. Džihaad McMaailma Vastu. Tallinn: Tänapäev.

Beinhauer-Köhler, B. 2002. ‘Märtyrer. Religionsgeschichtlich’. In Religion in Geschichte Und Gegenwart. Vol. 5. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Bonner, M. 2002. ‘Märtyrer. Islam’. In Religion in Geschichte Und Gegenwart, 5:871. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Brown, D. W., ed. 2004. ‘Martyrdom. The Shi’a and Martyrdom’. In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 2. Gale: Thomson.

Brown, Peter. 2002. Pühakute Kultus Kristluses. Tallinn: Kunst.

Castelli, Elizabeth. 2004. Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making. New York: Columbia University Press.

Chadwick, Henry. 1996. ‘The Early Christian Community’. In The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Cook, David. 2007. Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Dan, J. 2002. ‘Märtyrer. Judentum’. In Religion in Geschichte Und Gegenwart. Vol. 5. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Elliott, Alison Goddard. 1987. Roads to Paradise: Reading the Lives of the Early Saints. Hanover, London: University Press of New England.

Fischer, Karl Martin. 1995. Algkristlus. EELK Usuteaduse Instituudi Õppekirjandus 4. Tallinn: Logos.

Fox, Jonathan, and Shmuel Sandler. 2005. ‘The Question of Religion and World Politics’. Terrorism and Political Violence 17 (3): 293–303.

Heinonen, Reijo. 1999. ‘Globaali Etiikka Ja Fundamentalismin Haaste’. Kanava, no. 7: 401–4.

Hiiemets, Johannes. 1994. Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus. Tallinn: EELK Konsistooriumi kirjastusosakond.

Kaas, Kaarel. 2006. ‘Ishmail Haniyeh. Palestiina Bin Ladeni Mantlipärija’. Postimees, 21 February 2006.

Klausner, S. Z. 1995. ‘„Martyrdom“’. In The Encyclopedia of Religion, 9:237. New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan.

Köpf, U. 2002. ‘Märtyrer. Mittelalter, Reformation, Gegenreformation’. In Religion in Geschichte Und Gegenwart, 5:866. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Lehtsaar, Tõnu. 2009. ‘Usulisest Fundamentalismist Religioonipsühholoogi Pilguga’. Usuteaduslik Ajakiri 59 (2): 19–31.

Lewis, Jeffrey W. 2003. The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. New York: Modern Library.

Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1996. A Greek-English Lexikon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Maier, Hans. 2004. ‘Poliitilised Märtrid? Märtri Mõiste Laiendused Tänapäeval’. Akadeemia, no. 10: 2144–64.

Martin, Richard C., ed. 2004. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Gale: Thomson.

Matson, Daniel Heinrich. 1937. Usumärtreid Ristikoguduse Algpäevilt. Tallinn: E.B.U. Liit.

Moghadam, Assaf. 2008. ‘Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Attacks’. International Security 33 (3): 46–77.

Nolan, Cathal J. 1999. Longmani Maailmapoliitika Leksikon. Tallinn: Olion.

Sedgwick, Mark. 2004. ‘Al-Qaeda and the Nature of Religious Terrorism’. Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (4): 795–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550590906098.

Smith, Lacey Baldwin. 1999. Fools, Martyrs, Traitors. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

Strohm, C. 2002. ‘Märtyrer. Neuzeit’. In Religion in Geschichte Und Gegenwart, 5:867. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Suelzer, M. J., and T. Gilby. 1979. ‘„Martyrdom“’. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion, F–N:2276. Washington, DC: Corpus Publications.

Võõbus, Arthur. 1984. The Martyrs of Estonia: The Suffering, Ordeal and Annihilation of the Churches under the Russian Occupation. Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile 34. Stockholm: Estonian Theological Society in Exile.

Waines, David. 2003. Sissejuhatus Islamisse. Tallinn: Avita.

Weiner, Eugene, and Anita Weiner. 1990. The Martyr’s Conviction: A Sociological Analysis. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20759587.html.

##submission.downloads##

Avaldatud

2011-01-01

Väljaanne

Rubriik

Artiklid / Articles