Subjekti- ja vabadusekäsituse muutused Jean-Paul Sartre’i fenomenoloogias ja eksistentsialismis
Keywords:
fenomenoloogia, eksistentsialism, subjektiivsus, subjekt, vabadus, phenomenology, existentialism, subjectivity, subject, freedomAbstract
Artikkel uurib muutusi ja arenguid Jean-Paul Sartre’i subjektikäsituses, mis leidsid aset tema fenomenoloogilise ja eksistentsialistliku mõtlemise perioodidel (kuni 50. aastate lõpuni), keskendudes valdavalt tema filosoofilistele töödele, rõhuasetusega subjekti üldist struktuuri puutuval problemaatikal. Suurimat tähelepanu pälvivad vabadusega seonduvad transformatsioonid, sest selles vallas on Sartre’i seisukohtade erinevused kõige märgatavamad ja ühtlasi kõige olulisemad, kuid jõudumööda pööratakse pilk ka nüansseeritumatele teisendustele. Artikkel tutvustab põgusalt nimetatud muutuste ja nende taga seisvate arengute sisu, püüab Sartre’i mõtlemise perioode klassifitseerida, loob võrdlusi varasemate ja hilisemate teoste vahel ning polemiseerib autoritega, kes modifikatsioonide tähtsust kas alahindavad või sootuks tähelepanuta jätavad. Kokkuvõttes jõutakse tõdemuseni, et paljudel hilisema Sartre’i poolt kasutatavatel mõistetel on varasemaga võrreldes üsna teistsugune tähendus ning need tähendusnihked annavad tunnistust sellest, et Sartre’i subjekti-filosoofias leidsid aset mõned üsna kardinaalsed, eriti just vabadust ja subjekti läbipaistvust puudutavad pöörded.
Tarmo Tirol's article follows the development of Jean-Paul Sartre's theory of subjectivity and freedom in his phenomenological philosophy and in his early and middle period of existentialism. The main concern of this work is to examine noticeable (but also smaller yet significant) changes that took place in the development of Sartre's philosophy with respect to subjectivity, freedom, subject's general structure and its position in the world. Tirol's article studies and classifies the main contents of these modifications, compares Sartre's views in different works, and opposes to those views which claim that Sartre's philosophy did not significantly change. The article concludes that many concepts that Sartre is using later in describing subjectivity and subject's freedom imply some meaning changes compared with their earlier meanings; and this indicates that there were some noticeable shifts in Sartre's understanding, especially concerning subject's freedom and transparency.
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