Postkristliku kultuurimiljöö tekkeloo kontuurjooni Tšehhi ja Eesti näitel

Autorid

  • Pavel Hošek
  • Atko Remmel
  • Ain Riistan

Märksõnad:

post-Christian culture, Czech Republic, Estonia, nonreligion

Kokkuvõte

The Emergence of a Post-Christian Cultural Milieu in Czechia and Estonia

According to studies, both Czechia and Estonia are among the least religious countries in the world. Instead of using any of the secularization theories, the current study opts for the concept of a Post-Christian cultural milieu to explain this situation. The study compares key facets of Czech and Estonian cultural and social history that, while different in some respects, are remarkably similar to each other. In both cases it can be said that during the process of building a national cultural identity in the 19th century the prevalent forms of Christianity were seen in opposition to emerging national self-awareness. Later historical developments thoroughly reinforced these ideas. The resulting Post-Christian cultural milieu can be described as a specific European version of secularity.

Pavel Hošek. Charles University, Prague, Protestant Faculty of Theology. Atko Remmel. University of Tartu, School of Theology and Religious Studies. Ain Riistan. University of Tartu, School of Theology and Religious Studies.

Allalaadimised

Download data is not yet available.

Viited

“Kuidas pühitseme oma jõule?” 1930. Hiis. 2: 26–29.

“Loomulikul teel”. 1930. Hiis. 1: 4–14.

Ammerman, Nancy T., ed. 2007. Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives. Oxford University Press.

Andresen, Andres, Jansen, Ea. 2010. “Luteri usu kirik.” Eesti Ajalugu V. Pärisorjuse kaotamisest Vabadussõjani, edd. Toomas Karjahärm, Tiit Rosenberg, Sulev Vahtre: 314–317. Tartu: Ilmamaa.

Berger, Peter, Davie, Grace, Fokas, Effie. 2008. Religious America, Secular Europe? A Theme and Variations. Burlington: Ashgate.

Bowman, Marion, Valk, Ülo. 2012. „Introduction: Vernacular Religion, Generic Expressions and the Dynamics of of Belief“. Vernacular Religion in Everyday Life: Expressions of Belief, edd. Marion Bowman, Ülo Valk: 1–19. New York & London: Routledge.

Bruce, Steve. 2002. God Is Dead: Secularization in the West. 1 edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Bubík, Tomáš, David Václavík, Remmel, Atko. 2020. „Nonreligion in the CEE region. Some remarks“. Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Development of Secularity and Nonreligion, edd. Tomáš Bubík, Atko Remmel, ja David Vaclavik: 310–324. Routledge.

Davie, Grace. 2007. “Vicarious Religion: A Methodological Challenge.” Everyday Religion: Observing Modern Religious Lives, ed. Nancy T. Ammerman: 21–36. Oxford University Press.

Demerath, N. J. 2000. “The Rise of ‘Cultural Religion’ in European Christianity: Learning from Poland, Northern Ireland, and Sweden.” Social Compass 47 (1): 127–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776800047001013.

Dobbelaere, Karel. 2002. Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels. Peter Lang.

Fiala, Jan. 1997. Hrozné doby protireformace, Heršpice: Eman, 1997.

Fiala, Petr. 2007. Laboratoř sekularizace. Náboženství a politika v ne-náboženské společnosti: český případ. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury.

Hamplová, Dana. 2013. Náboženství v české společnosti na prahu 3. tisíciletí. Praha: Karolinum

Heraklides. 1908. Eesti usk. Tallinn: Mõte.

Hervieu-Leger, Daniele. 2000. Religion as a Chain of Memory. None edition. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.

Hošek, Pavel 2015. „Discerning the Signs of the Times in Post-communist Czech Republic: A Historical, Sociological and Missiological Analysis of Contemporary Czech Culture“. A Czech Perspective on Faith in a Secular Age, edd. Tomáš Halík, Pavel Hošek: 13-42. Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.

Jonuks, Tõnno, Atko Remmel. 2020. „Metsarahva kujunemine – retrospektiivne vaade müüdiloomele“. Keel ja Kirjandus, 6: 459–482.

Laar, Mart. 2005. Äratajad. Rahvuslik ärkamisaeg Eestis 19. sajandil ja selle kandjad. Tallinn: Eesti Ajalooarhiiv.

Lužný, Dušan, Navrátilová, Jolana. 2001. “Religion and Secularisation in the Czech Republic”. Czech Sociological Review, 9/1, 85-98.

Malíř, Jiří. 2007. „Sekularizace a politika v „dlouhém“ 19. století“. Sekularizace v českých zemích v letech 1848-1914, edd. Lukáš Fasora, Jiří Hanuš, Jiří Malíř. Brno: CDK.

Merkel, Garlieb Helwig. 1798. Die Vorzeit Lieflands. Ein Denkmal Des Pfaffen- Und Rittergeistes. Band I. Berlin: Vossischen Buchhandlung.

Nešpor, Zdeněk R. 2006. „Tak zvaný český ateismus a jeho sociální a eklesiální dopady“. Český atheismus: příčiny, klady, zápory. Benešov: Eman. 70-85.

Nešpor, Zdeněk R. 2010. Příliš slábi ve víře. Česká ne/religiozita v evropském kontextu. Praha: Kalich.

Nešporová, Olga, Nešpor, Zdeněk R. 2009. “Religion: An Unsolved Problem for the Modern Czech Nation,” Czech Sociological Review 45/1, 1215-1237.

Pickel, Gert, Pollack, Detlef, Müller, Olaf. 2012. “Differentiated Secularization in Europe: Comparative Results.” The Social Significance of Religion in the Enlarged Europe: Secularization, Individualization and Pluralization, edd. Detlef Pollack, Olaf Müller, Gert Pickel: 229–256. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Plath, Ulrike. 2008. “Euroopa Viimased Metslased”: Eestlased saksa koloniaaldiskursis 1770-1870.” Rahvuskultuur ja tema teised, ed. Rein Undusk: 37–64. Tallinn: Underi ja Tuglase Kirjanduskeskus.

Pollack, Detlef. 2015. „Varieties of Secularization Theories and Their Indispensable Core“. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 90 (1): 60–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00168890.2015.1002361.

Quensnell, Michael D. 2002. Co si myslíme, čemu věříme a kdo jsme. Praha: Academia.

Reiman, Hugo. 1935. “Kirikuelu 1930-34.” Eesti Statistika 160 (3): 126–130.

Reiman, Villem. 1901. “Eesti muinasusk”. Kõne. Jurjev: Postimees.

Remmel, Atko. 2011. Religioonivastane võitlus Eesti NSV-s aastail 1957–1990: tähtsamad institutsioonid ja nende tegevus. Dissertationes theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 24. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus.

Remmel, Atko. 2015. “(Anti)Religious Aspects of the Cold War: Soviet Religious Policy According to the Example of the Estonian SSR.” Behind the Iron Curtain. Estonia in the Era of the Cold War, ed. Tõnu Tannberg, 359–92. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Remmel, Atko. 2016. “Ambiguous Atheism: The Impact of Political Changes on the Meaning and Reception of Atheism in Estonia.” Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion 7, edd. Roberto Cipriani, Franco Garelli: 233–50. Brill.

Remmel, Atko. 2019a. „(Non)religion in a Museum: Alterna(rra)tives to the Estonian National Story“. Historická sociologie/Historical Sociology, 2: 69–84.

Remmel, Atko. 2019b. “Religiooni uurimisest ilmalikus ühiskonnas“. Usuteaduslik Ajakiri 76 (3): 95–126.

Remmel, Atko, Friedenthal, Meelis. 2020. „Atheism and Freethought in Estonian culture“. Freethought and Atheism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Development of Secularity and Nonreligion, edd. Tomáš Bubík, Atko Remmel, David Vaclavik: 84–110. Routledge.

Ringvee, Ringo. 2012. „Dialogue or Confrontation? New Religious Movements, Mainstream Religions and the State in Secular Estonia“. International Journal for the Study of New Religions 3 (1): 93–116.

Rohtmets, Priit. 2016. “Kirikuelu Eestis Esimese maailmasõja ajal.” Esimene maailmasõda ja Eesti II, 31:190–299. Eesti Ajalooarhiivi Toimetised 24. Tartu.

Rohtmets, Priit. 2019. Eesti usuelu 100 aastat. Tallinn: Post Factum.

Saard, Riho. 2008. Kultuurprotestantismi ja teoloogilise liberalismi ajalugu Eestis : peatükk XX sajandi Eesti teoloogilises mõtteloos. Tallinn: R. Saard (Põltsamaa: Vali Press).

Sedláčková, Markéta. 2011. „Trust and Democracy in the Czech Society“. Crisis Situations in the Czecho-Slovak Context after 1989, edd. Zuzana Jurechová, Pavol Bargár. Praha: CECMS. 60-74.

Smolkin, Victoria. 2018. A Sacred Space Is Never Empty: A History of Soviet Atheism. Princeton University Press.

Spousta, Jan. 1999. “České církve očima sociologických výzkumů”. Náboženství v době společenských změn, ed Jiří Hanuš: 73–90. Brno: CDK.

Tamm, Marek. 2003. “Monumentaalne ajalugu. Mida me mäletame Eesti ajaloost?” Vikerkaar 10/11: 60–68.

Thurfjell, David, Rubow, Cecilie, Remmel, Atko, Ohlsson, Henrik. 2019. “The Relocation of Transcendence around the Baltic Sea: Using Schutz to Conceptualize Nature Experiences.” Nature and Culture, 2: 190–214.

Thurfjell, David. 2015. Det gudlösa folket : de postkristna svenskarna och religionen. Farsta: Molin & Sorgenfrei Förlag.

Uibu, Marko. 2016a. Religiosity as Cultural Toolbox. A Study of Estonian New Spirituality. Dissertationes theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 32. Tartu: University of Tartu Press. http://dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/54063.

Uibu, Marko. 2016b. „Re-emerging Religiosity: The Mainstreaming of the New Spirituality in Estonia“. Journal of Baltic Studies 47 (2): 257–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2015.1113432.

Václavík, David. 2010. Náboženství a moderní česká společnost. Praha: Grada

Váně, Jan, Štípková, Martina. 2013. „The National Religious Environment and the Orthodoxy of Christian Beliefs: A Comparison of Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia“. Czech Sociological Review 49(3): 403-426.

Vaško, Václav. 1990. Neumlčená. Kronika katolické církve v Československu po druhé světové válce, vol. I-II. Praha: Zvon.

Velliste, Anne, ed. 2011. Usk vabadusse: artikleid ja mälestusi Eesti Evangeelse Luterliku Kiriku osast Eesti iseseisvuse taastamisel. Tallinn: EELK Konsistoorium.

Vimmsaare, Kuulo. 1981. Ükskõiksus - on see hea või halb? Tallinn: Eesti Raamat.

Voas, David. 2009. “The Rise and Fall of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe.” European Sociological Review 25 (2): 155–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn044.

Woodhead, Linda. 2011. “Five Concepts of Religion.” International Review of Sociology 21 (1): 121–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2011.544192.

Andmebaasid

EB 2005. Social values, Science and Technology. Special Eurobarometer 225 / Wave 63.1 – TNS Opinion & Social, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf (13.04.2019).

EB 2010. Biotechnology. Special Eurobarometer 341 / Wave 73.1 – TNS Opinion & Social, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf (13.04.2019).

CZSO 2018. Czech Statistical Office. 1-18 Population by religious belief and sex by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses, 20.11, www.czso.cz (18.04.2019).

Pew Research Center. 2017. „Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe“. https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ (12.01.2020).

Veebiviited

Loonet, Teelemari. 2010. „Eesti jõuab uskmatusega BBC äärmustesaatesse“. Postimees, 10.12, https://www.postimees.ee/350842/eesti-jouab-uskmatusega-bbc-aarmustesaatesse (17.04.2019).

Koppel, Karin. 2019. “Ristimiste arv luteri kirikus on aastatega tunduvalt langenud.” ERR uudised. 14.02, https://www.err.ee/929624/ristimiste-arv-luteri-kirikus-on-aastatega-tunduvalt-langenud (14.04.2019).

Nael, Merili. 2010. „Politoloog: eestlased on usuliselt ükskõiksed.“ ERR uudised, 14.12,

##submission.downloads##

Avaldatud

2019-10-01

Väljaanne

Rubriik

Artiklid / Articles